Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de la urolitiasis / Clinical-epidemiological description of urolithiasis

Introducción: Las urolitiasis ocasionan dolor, deterioro funcional renal y notorias erogaciones económicas. Objetivos: Identificar las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la nefrolitiasis. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se estudiaron 2 923 personas pertenecientes a tres consultorios del Policlínico Plaza; municipio Plaza de la Revolución, provincia La Habana, Cuba., seleccionados por muestreo simple aleatorio de los 16 con que cuenta el área de salud. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante encuesta y entrevista estructurada. La información fue procesada de forma automatizada (IBMSPSS 22.0). Se utilizó análisis de distribución de frecuencias, se calcularon tasas de prevalencia, y fue empleado el test de homogeneidad. Resultados: La prevalencia de urolitiasis fue de 4,99 por cada 100 habitantes, de 6,3 entre los varones y de 5,7 en los de piel blanca. La edad promedio al diagnóstico fue de 39,3 años. Entre los factores de riesgo de litiasis predominó la alta ingestión de oxalatos (97,3 por ciento). La ecografía fue la forma de diagnóstico más usada (67,8 por ciento). La fitoterapia fue el tratamiento médico más utilizado (69,2 por ciento). Al 16,4 por ciento de los pacientes se les expidió certificado médico en los últimos dos años. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de litiasis urinaria en el Policlínico Docente Plaza de la Revolución es elevada, con predominio en el sexo masculino, en sujetos de piel blanca y en las edades medias de la vida. La alta ingestión de oxalato es el factor de riesgo de litiasis urinaria más frecuente encontrado. La forma de diagnóstico más utilizada es la ecografía y el tratamiento más empleado es la fitoterapia(AU)

Introduction: Urolithiasis causes pain, renal functional deterioration and notorious economic expenses. Objectives: To identify the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of nephrolithiasis. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 2,923 people from to three clinics of Plaza de la Revolution Teaching Community Clinic, Plaza de la Revolution municipality, Havana province, Cuba. They were selected by simple random sampling from the 16 clinics that the health area has. The data was obtained through a survey and structured interview. The information was processed automatically (IBMSPSS 22.0). Frequency distribution analysis was used, prevalence rates were calculated and the homogeneity test was used. Results: The prevalence of urolithiasis was 4.99 per 100 inhabitants, 6.3 among men and 5.7 among white-skinned men. The average age at diagnosis was 39.3 years. Among the risk factors for lithiasis, the high intake of oxalates prevailed (97.3 percent). Ultrasound was the most used form of diagnosis (67.8 percent). Phytotherapy was the most used medical treatment (69.2 percent). A medical permit was issued to 16.4 percent of the patients in the last two years. Conclusions: The prevalence of urinary lithiasis in Plaza de la Revolution Teaching Community Clinic is high, prevailing in males, in white-skinned and middle aged subjects. High oxalate intake is the most common risk factor for urinary lithiasis found. The most used form of diagnosis is ultrasound and the most used treatment is phytotherapy(AU)

COVID-19: The impact on urolithiasis treatment in Brazil

ABSTRACT Introduction: It has been more than a year since the first case of Covid-19 was diagnosed in Brazil, and its most problematic feature is the oversaturation of the healthcare system capacity. Urolithiasis is a disease that requires timely and appropriate management. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the pandemic in hospital admissions for urolithiasis in the Brazilian public healthcare system. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, hospital admissions were obtained from the Brazilian Public Health Information system. All hospital admissions associated with urolithiasis diagnosis (ICD-10 N20) between March 2017 and February 2021 were analyzed. Results: During the COVID-19 outbreak, there was a significant decrease in hospital admissions (p<0.0001). More than 20.000 patients probably did not have the opportunity to undergo their surgeries. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on women's admissions was significantly more intense than for men, reducing from 48.91% to 48.36% of the total (p=0.0281). The extremes of age seemed to be more affected, with patients younger than 20 years and older than 60 years having a significant reduction in access to hospital services (p=0.033). Conclusions: In conclusion, we have noticed a considerable reduction in overall admissions for the treatment of urolithiasis in the Brazilian public healthcare system during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic. Women and individuals older than 60 years were especially affected. In contrast, we noted a rise in urgent procedures, comparing with the average of the corresponding period of the three previous years. Recovery plans will be needed while returning to activities to handle the impounded surgical volume.

Morbidade hospitalar e impactos financeiros por urolitíase na Bahia, Brasil / Hospital morbidity and financial impacts for urolithiasis in Bahia, Brazil / Morbilidad hospitalaria y impactos financieros por urolitiasis en Bahía, Brasil

Objetivo: descrever os casos de morbidade hospitalar e impactos financeiros por urolitíase no estado da Bahia, Brasil no período de 2012 a 2016. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo e transversal baseado no banco de dados secundários do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. As variáveis coletadas foram: sexo, faixa etária, custos e raça/cor notificados no período citado. Resultados: foram registrados 15.171 casos de morbidade hospitalar por urolitíase, o que corresponde a 0,46% do total das internações. A maior prevalência ocorreu na macrorregião leste (n=6.920), entre o sexo masculino (n=7.815), em idade entre 35 e 39 anos (n=1.877) e cor/raça ignorada (n=8.031). A urolitíase gerou um impacto financeiro superior a 5,5 milhões de reais ao Sistema Único de Saúde. Conclusão: de acordo com os resultados, observa-se a necessidade de tornar a macrorregião leste como prioritária para as ações de controle e prevenção da patologia

Objective: to describe the cases of hospital morbidity and financial impacts for urolithiasis in the state of Bahia, Brazil, 2012-2016. Methods: this was an epidemiological, cross-sectional and descriptive study based on secondary data from the Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System. The variables collected were: sex, age groups, costs and race notified in the cited period. Results: it were registered 15.171 cases of hospital morbidity for urolithiasis, which corresponds to 0,46% of all hospitalizations. The greatest prevalence occurred in the east macro region (n=6.920), among males (n=7.815), aged between 35 and 39 years old (n=1.877) and ignored color/ race (n=8.031). The urolithiasis generated a financial impact superior to 5,5 millions of reais to the Single Health System. Conclusion: according to the results, there is the need to make the east macro region as priority for actions of control and prevention of the pathology

Objetivo: describir los casos de morbilidad hospitalaria por urolitiasis en el estado de Bahía, Brasil, 2012-2016. Método: estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo y transversal, utilizando los datos obtenidos en lo Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud. Las variables recolectadas fueron: sexo, grupo de edad, gastos y raza notificados em el período citado. Resultados: se han registrados 15.171 casos de hospitalizaciones por urolitiasis, que corresponde a 0,46% del total de las hospitalizaciones. La mayor prevalencia ocurrió en la macrorregión leste (n=6.920), entre lo sexo masculino (n=7.815), de grupo etario entre 35 y 39 años (n=1.877) y color/raza ignorada (n=8.031). La urolitiasis ha generado un impacto financiero superior a 5,5 millones de reales al Sistema Único de Salud. Conclusión: de acuerdo con los resultados constata la necesidad de volver la macrorregión leste como prioritaria para las acciones de control y prevención de la patología

Perfil clínico-epidemiológico de 106 pacientes pediátricos portadores de urolitíase no rio de janeiro / Clinical-epidemiological profile of 106 pediatric pacients with urolithiasis in rio de janeiro, brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a frequência, o perfil clínico e condutas adotadas em portadores de urolitíase no setor de nefropediatria do Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo dos prontuários de pacientes portadores de urolitíase, atendidos entre janeiro de 2012 e dezembro de 2014, com idade entre 1 mês e 18 anos. Variáveis estudadas: dados demográficos, antropométricos, quadro clínico, história familiar de urolitíase, infecção urinária e uso de medicamentos litogênicos, condutas diagnósticas, anomalias associadas, distúrbios metabólicos, terapêutica e recorrências. Resultados: A frequência de urolitíase no período foi de 13,6%, e as características mais frequentes foram sexo masculino, cor da pele branca, eutrofia, idade entre 5 e 10 anos, história familiar de urolitíase, infecção urinária prévia e eliminação espontânea do cálculo. Dor abdominal, em flanco e hematúria macroscópica foram as queixas mais comuns. Distúrbios metabólicos mais frequentes: hipercalciúria, hiperuricosúria e hipocitratúria. A hipocitratúria foi associada à história de infecção urinária prévia (p=0,004). A ultrassonografia de abdome ou aparelho urinário foi o exame mais utilizado para diagnóstico. Hidronefrose ocorreu em 54,4% dos casos, 81,1% dos cálculos estavam nos rins e os bilaterais eram associados com história familiar de urolitíase (p=0,030). Houve recidiva em 29,3% dos casos (maior parte com distúrbio metabólico); 12,3% submeteram-se à litotripsia; 24,5%, à cirurgia, principalmente pielolitotomia; e apenas 7,6% dos pacientes tiveram cálculos analisados (mais frequente: oxalato de cálcio). Conclusões: A frequência de urolitíase nessa população pediátrica foi próxima à da literatura. Os achados sugerem a necessidade de investigação metabólica mais ampla e a análise mais frequente dos cálculos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the frequency, clinical profile and treatment of patients with urolithiasis in the Pediatric Nephrology Department of a public state hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: Retrospective study. Data from pediatric patients (age: 1 month - 18 years) with urolithiasis admitted between January/2012 and December/2014 were reviewed from hospital charts. The studied variables were: demographic and anthropometric data, clinical status, family history of urolithiasis, urinary tract infection and use of lithogenic drugs, diagnostic procedures, associated abnormalities, metabolic disorders, treatment and recurrence. Results: The frequency of urolithiasis was 13.6%. Main characteristics of the patients: male gender, white race, eutrophy, aged between 5 and 10 years, family history of urolithiasis, previous urinary infection and spontaneous stone passage. Abdominal and flank pain and macroscopic hematuria were the most common complaints. The most frequent metabolic disorders were hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria and hypocitraturia. Hypocitraturia was associated with previous urinary infection (p=0.004). Abdomen/urinary tract ultrasonography was the most commonly used diagnostic test. Hydronephrosis occurred in 54.4% of the cases, 81.1% of the stones were in the kidneys, and bilateral stones were associated to a family history of urolithiasis (p=0.030). Recurrence rate was 29.3% (most patients had a metabolic disorder). In 12.3%, the patients underwent lithotripsy, 24.5% were surgically treated (mainly pyelolithotomy), and only 7.6% had their stones analyzed (calcium oxalate was the main finding in the examined stones). Conclusions: The frequency of urolithiasis in these pediatric patients was similar to that reported by the literature. A metabolic evaluation is required and the composition of stones should be better evaluated.

Litiasis urinaria: epidemiología y clasificación del cálculo urinario / Urinary lithiasis: epidemiology and classification of urinary calculus / Urolitíase: epidemiologia e classificação dos cálculos renais

Se estima que la incidencia de cálculos renales en España se ha incrementado en los últimos años. En este trabajo se realizó una aproximación epidemiológica de la litiasis urinaria, y se estableció una clasificación de los cálculos urinarios analizados durante un año. Se ha creado una base de datos con los cálculos analizados mediante espectroscopía de infrarrojos con Transformada de Fourier, considerando edad, sexo, recidivas y parámetros bioquímicos, en orina de 24 horas. La influencia del sexo en la litiasis urinaria es muy marcada y el número de cálculos en el varón es muy superior. Además, el factor edad incrementa la litiasis desde 5% a los 30 años hasta 25% a los 60. Estos datos se refieren a los cálculos totales y no diferencian su composición química. Si se diferencian según la composición, se ha encontrado una tendencia similar en hombres y mujeres en los cálculos de oxalato cálcico monohidratado, pero muy distinta en los de oxalato cálcico dihidratado y fosfocarbonato cálcico. La incidencia en menores de 20 años es muy baja, y prevalece en los niños en la primera década y en las niñas en la segunda década de vida. Además, se ha observado una mayor prevalencia de cálculos en los meses de verano asociada a mayores valores séricos de vitamina D. Por lo tanto, es imprescindible partir de unos criterios taxativos de clasificación de los cálculos urinarios para la realización de estudios epidemiológicos. En los últimos años la proporción entre las diferentes composiciones ha cambiado y se ha producido un aumento en los cálculos de oxalato.

The incidence of renal calculus in Spain has been increased in recent years. In this work, an epidemiological approach of urinary lithiasis has been made, establishing a classification of the urinary calculi analyzed during a year. A database has been created with the analyzed calculi by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, collecting age, sex, recurrences and biochemical parameters obtained from 24-hour urine. The influence of sex on urinary lithiasis is very marked and the number of stones in the male in much higher. In addition, the age factor increases lithiasis from 5% at 30 years of age to 25% at 60 years of age. These data refer to the total calculi, without differentiating their chemical composition. If differentiation is made according to the composition, a similar tendency is found in men and women in the monohydrate calcium oxalate calculi, but very different in those of dihydrate calcium oxalate and calcium phosphocarbonate. The incidence in children under 20 years of age is very low; males have more calculi in the first decade of life and girls in the second decade of life. In addition, a higher prevalence of stones has been observed in the summer months associated with higher serum levels of vitamin D. Thus, it is essential to stablish classification criteria of urinary calculi for epidemiological studies. In recent years, the ratio of the different compositions has changed, resulting in an increase of oxalate calculi.

Estima-se que a incidência de cálculos renais na Espanha tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Este trabalho foi realizado com uma abordagem epidemiológica da litíase urinária, estabelecendo uma classificação de cálculos urinários analisados durante um ano. Foi criado um banco de dados com os cálculos analisados por espectroscopia de infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier, considerando idade, gênero, recidivas e parâmetros bioquímicos na urina de 24 horas. A influência do gênero na litíase urinária é muito acentuada e o número de cálculos em homens é muito maior. Além disso, o fator idade aumenta a litíase de 5% aos 30 anos para 25% aos 60 anos. Estes dados referem-se os cálculos totais e não diferenciam sua composição química. Diferenciam-se de acordo com a composição, foi encontrada uma tendência semelhante em homens e mulheres nos cálculos de oxalato de cálcio mono-hidratado, mas muito diferente em oxalato de cálcio di-hidratado e fosfo-carbonato de cálcio. A incidência em pessoas menores de 20 anos é muito baixa, prevalecendo em meninos na primeira década e em meninas na segunda década de vida. Além disso, foi observada maior prevalência de cálculos nos meses de verão associada a maiores níveis séricos de vitamina D. Portanto, é essencial a partir de critérios taxativos de classificação dos cálculos urinários para realizar exames epidemiológicos. Nos últimos anos, a proporção entre as diferentes composições tem mudado, resultando num aumento dos cálculos de oxalato.

Ureteroscopía rígida retrógrada en el tratamiento de la litiasis urinaria / Rigid Retrograde Ureteroscopy in the Treatment of Urinary Lithiasis

Introducción: la ureteroscopía constituye, en la actualidad, una de las principales opciones de tratamiento para la litiasis renoureteral. Objetivo: describir los resultados del tratamiento, mediante ureteroscopía rígida retrógrada, en una serie de pacientes con litiasis del tracto urinario superior. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo, en una muestra de 53 pacientes con litiasis renal o ureteral, que recibieron tratamiento mediante ureteroscopía rígida retrógrada. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, localización de la litiasis, modalidad de litotricia realizada, técnicas complementarias empleadas y complicaciones presentadas. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: prevalecieron los pacientes de la sexta década de la vida. El promedio de edad fue de 50,2 años con predominio del sexo masculino, con 36 pacientes, para un 67,9 por ciento. La litiasis preponderante fue la ureteral con 67,9 por ciento, y la mayoría localizadas en su porción distal con un tamaño de entre 10 y 20 mm. La modalidad de litotricia más utilizada fue la neumática en 46 pacientes (86,8 por ciento). La técnica complementaria más usada fue la litofragmentación (96,2 por ciento). Presentaron complicaciones 8 enfermos (15 por ciento), y todas en grados II y III de la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo. Conclusiones: la ureteroscopía rígida retrógrada, complementada con otros procederes endourológicos, constituye una modalidad terapéutica eficazy segura para el tratamiento de la litiasis renoureteral, y con un bajo índice de complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: Ureteroscopy is at present, one of the main treatment options for renal and ureteral lithiasis. Objective: To describe the results of the treatment, by rigid retrograde ureteroscopy, in a series of patients with upper urinary tract lithiasis. Methods: observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study, in a sample of 53 patients with renal or ureteral lithiasis, who received treatment by rigid retrograde ureteroscopy. The variables studied were: age, sex, location of lithiasis, lithotripsy modality performed, complementary techniques used and complications presented. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: Patients of the sixth decade of life predominated. The average age was 50.2 years with predominance of males, with 36 patients, for 67.9 percent. The predominant lithiasis was the ureteral with 67.9 percent, and most located in its distal portion with a size between 10 and 20 mm. The most used lithotripsy modality was pneumatic in 46 patients (86.8 percent. The most used complementary technique was lithofragmentation (96.2 percent). There were complications in 8 patients (15 percent), and all in grades II and III of the Clavien-Dindo classification. Conclusions: Rigid retrograde ureteroscopy, complemented with other endourological procedures, constitutes an effective and safe therapeutic modality for the treatment of renoureteral lithiasis, and with a low rate of complications(AU)

Epidemiology of urolithiasis consultations in the Paraíba Valley / Epidemiologia dos atendimentos por urolitíase no Vale do Paraíba

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the epidemiological profile of patients with urolithiasis in the Paraíba Valley region, identifying its prevalence and spatial distribution. Method: we conducted a cross-sectional study, by residence location in the Paraíba Valley, on morbidity data due to urolithiasis obtained from the DATASUS, covering the period between 2010 and 2012. We aimed at identifying the general, male and female prevalence of urolithiasis, the distribution by age, type of visit, year season and spatial distribution. Results: there were 1,901 visits for urolithiasis in the 35 municipalities of the Paraíba Valley in the three years studied, 52.3% of them of female patients. Of the total, 70.1% of the visits were emergency ones. The feminine visits (67.2%) were mostly also urgent (p <0.01). The overall prevalence for urolithiasis was 31.7/100,000. Male prevalence was 30.7/100,000, and the female, 32.7/100,000 (p>0.05). The prevalence ratio was 0.9 men for every woman. The age group with the highest prevalence was between 30 and 39 years, with 23.1%. Warm seasons concentrated 51.6% of cases, while 48.8% occurred in the cold ones (p>0.05) . Conclusion: women are more affected by urolithiasis than the male in the Paraíba Valley region, an unprecedented in the literature. There was no relationship between the year season and the disease. We identified municipalities where preventive actions of urinary lithogenesis are required.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com urolitíase, na região do Vale do Paraíba, identificando sua prevalência e distribuição espacial. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados de morbidade por local de residência decorrente de urolitíase no Vale do Paraíba, relativos ao período compreendido entre 2010 e 2012, obtidos do DATASUS. Os dados foram analisados para identificar a prevalência geral, masculina e feminina da urolitíase, a distribuição por idade, tipo de atendimento, estação do ano e sua distribuição espacial. Resultados: ocorreram 1901 atendimentos por urolitíase nos 35 municípios do Vale do Paraíba nos três anos estudados, sendo 52,3% dos pacientes do sexo feminino. Do total, 70,1% dos atendimentos foram em caráter de urgência. Os atendimentos femininos, na sua maioria (67,2%), também foram de urgência (p<0,01). A prevalência geral encontrada para a urolitíase foi 31,7/100.000 habitantes. A prevalência masculina foi 30,7/100.000 e a feminina de 32,7/100.000 (p>0,05). A relação de prevalência encontrada foi 0,9 homens para cada mulher. A faixa etária com o maior número de pacientes atendidos foi entre 30 e 39 anos, com 23,1% do total. Nas estações quentes ocorreram 51,6% dos atendimentos, enquanto nas frias 48,8% (p>0,05). Conclusões: foi possível identificar que na região do Vale do Paraíba o sexo feminino é mais acometido pela urolitíase do que o masculino, fato inédito na literatura. Não se encontrou relação entre a estação do ano e a doença. Foram identificados municípios onde ações de prevenção da litogênese urinária são necessárias.

A large 15 - year database analysis on the influence of age, gender, race, obesity and income on hospitalization rates due to stone disease

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the public hospitalization rate due to stone disease in a large developing nation for a 15-year period and its association with socio-demographic data. Materials and Methods: A retrospective database analysis of hospitalization rates in the Brazilian public health system was performed, searching for records with a diagnosis code of renal/ureteral calculi at admission between 1998­2012. Patients managed in an outpatient basis or private care were excluded. Socio-demographic data was attained and a temporal trend analysis was performed. Results: The number of stone-related hospitalizations increased from 15.7%, although the population-adjusted hospitalization rate remained constant in 0.04%. Male:female proportion among hospitalized patients was stable (49.3%:50.7% in 1998; 49.2%:50.8% in 2012), though there was a significant reduction in the prevalence of male hospitalizations (−3.8%;p=0.041). In 2012, 38% of hospitalized patients due to stone disease had 40­59 years-old. The ≥80 years-old strata showed the most significant decrease (−43.44%;p=0.022), followed by the 20­39 (−23.17%;p<0.001) and 0­19 years-old cohorts (−16.73%;p=0.012). Overall, the lowest relative hospitalization rates were found for yellow and indigenous individuals. The number of overweight/obese individuals increased significantly (+20.6%), accompanied by a +43.6% augment in the per capita income. A significant correlation was found only between income and obesity (R=0.64;p=0.017). Conclusions:The prevalence of stone disease requiring hospitalization in Brazil remains stable, with a balanced proportion between males and females. There is trend for decreased hospitalization rates of male, <40 and ≥80 years-old individuals. Obesity and income have a more pronounced correlation with each other than with stone disease.

Urolitíase pediátrica: experiência de um hospital infantil de cuidados terciários / Pediatric urolithiasis: experience at a tertiary care pediatric hospital

Resumo Introdução: A urolitíase pediátrica tornou-se mais prevalente nas últimas décadas, com altas taxas de recorrência e considerável morbidade. A maioria das crianças com urolitíase idiopática tem uma anormalidade metabólica subjacente e a investigação adequada permite intervenções terapêuticas para reduzir a formação de novos cálculos e suas complicações. Objetivos: Identificar características demográficas e clínicas da urolitíase pediátrica, a etiologia, condutas terapêuticas, recidiva da doença e evolução dos pacientes em um hospital infantil de cuidados terciários. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo com pacientes pediátricos internados no Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, com diagnóstico de urolitíase, no período de janeiro 2002 a dezembro de 2012. Dados foram obtidos dos prontuários e foram incluídos aqueles com diagnóstico confirmado por exame de imagem e urina 24h ou amostra única urinária. Resultados: Foram avaliados 106 pacientes (65%M) pediátricos. Idade média ao diagnóstico 8,0 ± 4,2 e 85% tinham história familiar positiva para urolitíase. Dor abdominal, cólica nefrética clássica e infecção urinária foram as principais manifestações. 93,2% tinham alteração metabólica, sendo a hipercalciúria a mais comum. Tratamento farmacológico foi instituído em 78% dos casos. Utilizou-se citrato de potássio e hidroclorotiazida. Tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado em 38% dos pacientes. Houve resposta ao tratamento em 39% deles, com recidiva da urolitíase em 34,2%. Apenas 4,7% dos pacientes continuaram acompanhamento, 6,6% foram encaminhados para outros serviços, 8,5% receberam alta e 73,8% perderam acompanhamento. Conclusão: A urolitíase pediátrica merece avaliação metabólica detalhada após sua apresentação inicial para tratamento, acompanhamento e prevenção da formação lítica e de suas complicações.

Abstract Introduction: Pediatric urolithiasis has become more prevalent in recent decades, with high recurrence rates and considerable morbidity. Most children with idiopathic urolithiasis have an underlying metabolic abnormality and proper research provides therapeutic interventions to reduce the formation of new stones and its complications. Objective: To identify demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric urolithiasis, etiology, treatment management, disease recurrence and patient outcomes in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of pediatric patients admitted to the Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, who were diagnosed with urolithiasis, from January 2002 to December 2012. Data were obtained from medical records. Those patients with diagnosis confirmed by imaging and 24hr urine or single sample urine were included. Results: We evaluated 106 pediatric patients (65% M). Average age at diagnosis was 8.0 ± 4.2 and 85% of them had positive family history of urolithiasis. Abdominal pain, renal colic and urinary tract infection were the main manifestations. 93.2% had metabolic abnormality and hypercalciuria was the most common. Pharmacological treatment was established in 78% of cases. Potassium citrate and hydrochlorothiazide were used. Surgical treatment was performed in 38% of patients. There was response to treatment in 39% of patients with recurrence of urolithiasis in 34.2% of them. Only 4.7% of patients continued follow-up, 6.6% were referred to other services, 8.5% were discharged and 73.8% lost follow-up. Conclusion: Pediatric urolithiasis deserves a detailed metabolic evaluation after their initial presentation for treatment, monitoring and prevention of its formation and its complications.

Litíase urinária e sua relação com os achados de cristalúria e hematúria na urinálise / Urolithiasis and its relation to the urinalysis findings of crystalluria and hematuria

Introdução: Litíase urinária é a formação de cálculos no trato urinário a partir de componentes presentes na urina. É uma doença crônica associada a um alto número de recorrência e hospitalizações. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a frequência de cristalúria e a relação entre litíase urinária e os achados de cristalúria e hematúria em pacientes da região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Estudo transversal no qual foram incluídos pacientes no período de março a dezembro de 2015. Exames qualitativos de urina e prontuários médicos foram revisados buscando-se dados de cristalúria e hematúria e diagnóstico da litíase. Resultados: Foram analisadas 688 amostras de urina, e 54 (7,85%) apresentaram cristalúria. Dos casos de cristalúria, cinco (9,3%) pacientes apresentaram litíase. Foi verificada significância estatística (p = 0,010) entre as variáveis de litíase e hemácias, mas não foi evidenciada significância estatística entre as variáveis de litíase e cristalúria (AU)

Introduction: Urolithiasis is the formation of stones in the urinary tract from urine components. It is a chronic disease associated high recurrence and hospitalization rates. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of crystalluria and the relation between urolithiasis and crystalluria and hematuria findings in patients of northwestern Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: A cross-sectional study that enrolled patients from March to December of 2015. Urinalyses and medical records were reviewed searching for crystalluria and hematuria data, and diagnosis of lithiasis. Results: 688 urine samples were analyzed, and crystalluria was found in 54 (7.85%) of them. Considering the crystalluria cases, 5 (9.3%) of the patients also had lithiasis. Statistical significance was found (p = 0.010) between the variables of lithiasis and red blood cells, but no statistical significance was found between the variables of lithiasis and crystalluria. Conclusion: Crystalluria was not associated with lithiasis, while hematuria was associated with such disease (AU)

Composición de las urolitiasis en pacientes cubanos por sexo / Composition of urolithiasis in Cuban patients by sex

INTRODUCCIÓN: las urolitiasis implican morbilidad y costos económicos sustanciales. Para su manejo resulta fundamental una evaluación clínica y de laboratorio, que incluya el estudio de la composición química. OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia de presentación de los diferentes tipos de urolitiasis según su composición y su relación con el sexo de los sujetos. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyeron las urolitiasis de adultos cubanos, enviadas al Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Renal del Instituto de Nefrología para estudio de composición química, en el período 2001-2011. Las litiasis fueron analizadas con un espectroscopio infrarrojo modelo Philips PU9516. Los diferentes compuestos se identificaron mediante comparación con espectros de referencia. Toda la información fue procesada automatizada (SPSS 15.0.). Se utilizó análisis de distribución de frecuencias. Para probar la existencia de diferencias entre los sexos, en cuanto al tipo de litiasis, se emplearon los tests: de independencia y exacto de Fisher. RESULTADOS: de las 1851 litiasis analizadas, 1316 (71,1 %) eran litiasis simples. Las litiasis simples de oxalato de calcio constituyeron el 46,8 % del total. Dentro de las compuestas, las más frecuentes fueron las de oxalato de calcio más fosfato de calcio (24,7 %). La frecuencia de las litiasis de oxalato de calcio y ácido úrico resultó mayor entre los hombres (p= 0,00), y las de fosfato de calcio y de estruvita (p= 0,00), entre las mujeres. CONCLUSIONES: los cálculos cálcicos, fundamentalmente de oxalato de calcio monohidratado, son los más comunes en la población litiásica estudiada. Las litiasis de oxalato de calcio y ácido úrico son más comunes entre los hombres, mientras las de estruvita y fosfato de calcio lo son, entre las mujeres.

INTRODUCTION: urolithiasis imply significant morbidity and economic costs. For its management, it is fundamental to make clinical and lab evaluation including the study of the chemical composition. OBJECTIVE: to determine the frequency of occurrence of several types of urolithiasis according to their composition and relationship with the individual's sex. METHODS: descriptive and cross-sectional study that included urolithiasis of Cuban adults sent to the Renal Physiopathology Lab of the Institute of Nephrology for the study of chemical composition in the 2001-2011 period. A Philips PU9516 infrared spectroscope served to analyze lithiasis. The various compounds were identified by comparing them with the reference spectra. All the data were collected and processed with SPSS 15.0; the frequency distribution analysis. Independence test and Fisher's exact test were used to confirm the differences between sexes in terms of type of lithiasis. RESULTS: of 1815 analyzed lithiasis, 1316 (71.1 %) were simple. Simple calcium oxalate lithiasis represented 46.8 % of the total number. In the combinations, the most frequent were calcium oxalate plus calcium phosphate (24.7 %). The frequency of calcium oxalate and uric acid lithiasis was higher in men (p= 0.00 and those of calcium phosphate and struvite (p= 0.00) in women. CONCLUSIONS: calcium stones, mainly monohydrated calcium oxalate, are the most common in the studied lithiatic population. Calcium oxalate and uric acid are the commonest in men whereas struvite and calcium phosphate are more frequent in women.

Urinary lithiasis in civil construction workers as a management indicator for health and improvement in personnel / Litíase urinária em trabalhadores da construção civil como indicador para a gestão em saúde e melhoria na gestão de pessoas

Introduction: Empirical information provided by health care professionals acting in the first line of care report a constant increase in the number of civil construction workers that present painful acute conditions, in most cases associated with the existence of urinary tract calculi. Aims: Evaluating the prevalence of urinary lithiasis in civil construction workers, as a means to identify indicators for the management of health and personnel. Methods: Observational study based on directed questionnaire. Results: From the 94 participants, 18 (19%) were lithiasic, mostly due to overweight and reduced fluid intake. Conclusion: The observed prevalence appeared to be two times greater than that of the general population. Thus, prevention for such condition gains relevance, in order to avoid discomfort for the worker, and also reduce costs due to absenteeism, improving productivity, benefiting the workers by performance and creating the perspective of an improved quality of life.

Informações empíricas fornecidas por profissionais de saúde que atuam no setor de pronto atendimento relatam aumento constante do número de trabalhadores da construção civil que apresentam quadros dolorosos agudos, na sua maioria associados à presença de cálculos no trato urinário. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a prevalência de litíase urinária em funcionários da construção civil, buscando identificar indicadores para a gestão em saúde e de pessoas. Método: Estudo observacional realizado com a aplicação de um questionário direcionado. Dos 94 participantes, 18 (19%) eram litiásicos, fato este associado principalmente ao sobrepeso e à reduzida ingestão hídrica. A prevalência observada mostrou-se o do dobro da população em geral. Desta forma, é importante prevenir os riscos desta condição, evitando assim o desconforto do trabalhador, reduzindo os custos do SUS com o tratamento e também os das empresas com o absenteísmo, gerando melhoria na produtividade, beneficiando o empregado pelo desempenho e criando perspectiva na melhoria da qualidade de vida.

Prevention of Comorbidity and Acute Attack of Gout by Uric Acid Lowering Therapy

The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of uric acid lowering therapy in reducing the new development of comorbidities and the frequency of acute attacks in gout patients. We retrospectively reviewed patients who were diagnosed to have gout with at least 3 yr of follow up. They were divided into 2 groups; 53 patients with mean serum uric acid level (sUA) or =6 mg/dL. Comorbidities of gout such as hypertension (HTN), type II diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and urolithiasis were compared in each group at baseline and at last follow-up visit. Frequency of acute gout attacks were also compared between the groups. During the mean follow up period of 7.6 yr, the yearly rate of acute attack and the new development of HTN, DM, CVD and urolithiasis was lower in the adequately treated group compared to the inadequately treated group. Tight control of uric acid decreases the incidence of acute gout attacks and comorbidities of gout such as HTN, DM, CVD and urolithiasis.

Epidemiología y clínica de la litiasis urinaria en niños / Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of urolithiasis in children

Establecer las características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes pediátricos con litiasis urinaria (LU) de Yucatán, México. Métodos: Mediante diseño prospectivo y longitudinal se estudiaron todos los menores de 16 años con diagnóstico de LU, durante un período de 9 años; se registraron los datos clínicos, las alteraciones metabólicas, el tratamiento instituido, las complicaciones, las recurrencias, etcétera. Resultados: Se observaron 69 casos nuevos por año, con un aumento de la tasa de prevalencia del 19% en relación con lo informado en años previos. En los 474 pacientes estudiados se observó una relación varones: mujeresde 1:1.6, con edades desde 3 hasta 180 meses, con predominio de lactantes y escolares. Las alteraciones metabólicas más frecuentes fueron hiperuricosuria, hipercalciuria e hipocitraturia. El 27% tuvo sobrepeso u obesidad y el 32.7% talla baja. El 63.9% tuvo antecedente familiar y el 20.8% antecedente personal positivo de LU. El 7.1% se asoció con malformaciones urinarias. El 7.8% de los cálculos fueron hallazgos, detectándose en más de un sitio anatómico en el 29.1% de los casos. El cuadro clínico varió desde casos asintomáticos, hasta casos con datos clínicos de insuficiencia renal aguda o crónica. Conclusiones: Deben diseñarse programas de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos para disminuir la incidencia y complicaciones en niños con LU de Yucatán...

Tratamiento de la litiasis piélica con el litotritor Mododulith slx-mx (storz) / Treatment of the pyelic lithiasis using the Mododulith slx-mx (storz)lithotriptor

La litiasis urinaria es una enfermedad de alta prevalencia y recurrencia, a la que los hospitales no pueden dar solución quirúrgica con la celeridad necesaria. La litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque (LEC) es la primera opción de tratamiento y las tasas de resolución fluctúan del 33 al 90 por ciento. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar nuestros resultados con la utilización del litotritor Mododulith slx-mx (storz) para el tratamiento monoterápico de la litiasis de la pelvis renal. Se incluyeron pacientes con litiasis piélica que no hubieran recibido otro tratamiento. Se conformaron 4 grupos según la superficie litiásica y se relacionaron con la terapéutica (sesiones, ondas de choque, energía, complicaciones, aplicación de procedimientos auxiliares, maniobras complementarias y evolución). El mayor número de pacientes tenía cálculos de hasta 2 cm², y más del 92 por ciento fueron resueltos con una sola sesión. Más del 94 por ciento no presentó complicaciones y no se necesitaron procedimientos auxiliares en más del 97 por ciento de los casos. . Se lograron buenos resultados en más del 97 por ciento de los casos mediante LEC monoterápica de la litiasis piélica de hasta 4 cm² utilizando el litotritor Mododulith slx-mx (storz). Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en los cálculos de hasta 3 cm² y más del 99 por ciento de éstos correspondieron a los cálculos de hasta 2 cm². Las ventajas de este equipo se deben, sobre todo, a su alta eficacia y al hecho de que logra una fragmentación fina que facilita la eliminación total de los cálculos. Por esta razón, se consigue una alta tasa de resolución, sin restos de la litiasis en más del 97 por ciento de los casos y con un mínimo de maniobras complementarias(AU)

The urinary lithiasis is a disease with a high prevalence and recurrence and the hospitals can not give a surgical solution as quickly as possible. The shock waves extracorporeal lithotripsy (SWEL) is the first choice of treatment and the resolution rates fluctuate from 33 to 90 percent. The objective of present study was to analyze our results using the Mododulith slx-mx (storz) lithotriptor for the monotherapy of renal pelvis lithiasis. The patients presenting with pyelic lithiasis and any other treatment were included in study that were divided into four groups according the lithiasis surface and were related to therapeutics (sessions, chock waves, energy, complications and application of auxiliary procedures, complementary manoeuvres and course). RESULTS. Most of patients had 2 cm² calculi and more than the 92 percent were solved with only one session. More than 94 percent had not complications without auxiliary procedures in more than 97 percent of the cases. It was possible to obtain good results in more than 97 percent of the cases using monotherapy-SWEL of pyelic lithiasis of 4 cm² using the Mododulith slx-mx (storz) lithotriptor. The better results were obtained in calculi of 3 cm² and more than the 99 percent belongs to calculi of 2 cm². The advantages of this device were mainly due to its high effectiveness level and to fact that it achieves a fine fragmentation allowing the total removal of calculi. Thus, it is possible to obtain a high rate resolution without rests of lithiasis in more than 97 percent of the cases and with a minimum of complementary manoeuvres(AU)

Urolithiasis in Patients Suffering from Malignant Hematologic Diseases

PURPOSE: We performed this study in order to evaluate the incidence and characteristics of urolithiasis in patients with malignant hematologic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine hundred one patients who underwent medical treatment for malignant hematologic disease and 40,543 patients who visited the emergency room and without malignant hematologic diseases were included in our study. The patients with malignant hematologic diseases were divided into two groups depending on their primary treatment. Group I included patients with acute and chronic leukemia (AML, ALL, CML, CLL) for which chemotherapy and steroid therapy was necessary, and group II included patients with anaplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome and who had undergone repeated transfusion for treatment. Comparisons were made between the two groups in respect to the incidence of urolithiasis and the stones' radiopacity. RESULTS: Twenty nine patients (3.2%) of the 901 malignant hematologic patients were diagnosed with urolithiasis, compared to 575 patients (1.4%) of 40,543 emergency room patients. There was a significant increase of the incidence of urolithiasis in the malignant hematologic group. Compared to the general patients, the patients with malignant hematologic diseases had a higher rate of radiolucent stones (46.6% versus 16.3%, respectively), and the difference was significant. CONCLUSION: The incidence of urolithiasis for malignant hematologic patients was significantly higher than that for the control group.

Tomografía axial computerizada helicoidal en el estudio de la urolitiasis (pieloTAC): experiencia en un centro de diagnóstico por imágenes: Antofagasta / Tomography axial computed helical in the study of urolithiasis (pieloTAC): experience in the centro de diagnóstico por imágenes: Antofagasta

In Chile, the urolithiasis constitutes a frequent pathology, reaching a 10% prevalence, existing diverse imaging methods for their, diagnosis among them the Helical Tomography Wilhout Contrast (Pielo T AC) contitutes the gold standard, by their high sensitivy (> 95%) and specificity (> 85%). By means of retrospective descriptive study, one analized 82 cases with information of PieloTAC, realised by clinical suspicion of urolithiasis, between October 2006 and March 2007 in the Centro de Diagnóstico por Imágenes Diagnoimage, Antofagasta. In 56.10% of the cases urolithiasis was confirmed, with predominance of renal location in 57.63%. A 30.56% of patients without lithiasis, presented pelvic phlebolit, renal cyst and calcium granuloma. One concludes that in this PieloTAC series it provides a highly sensitive imaging diagnosis and specificity for urolithiasis, reporting so large, location and composition of calculi, like also diagnoses differentials with other pathologies, showing as advantages the short run time, non contrasts use and to be independent operador.

En Chile, la nefrourolitiasis constituye una patología frecuente, alcanzando una prevalencia de 10%, existiendo diversos métodos imagenológicos para su diagnóstico, entre ellos la Tomografía Helicoidal Sin Contraste (PieloTAC) constituye el examen imagenológico de elección, por su alta sensibilidad (> 95%) y especificidad (>85%). Mediante estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, se analizó 82 casos con informes de PieloTAC, realizados por sospecha clínica de nefrourolitiasis, entre octubre de 2006 y marzo de 2007 en el Centro de Diagnóstico por Imágenes Diagnoimage de Antofagasta. En el 56,10% de los casos se confirmó nefrourolitiasis, con predominio de ubicación renal en el 57,63%. Un 30,56% de los pacientes sin litiasis, presentó flebolitos pelvianos, quistes renales y granuloma cálcico. Se concluye que en esta serie PieloTAC proporcionó un diagnóstico imagenológico de alta sensibilidad y especificidad para nefrourolitiasis, reportando tamaño, localización y composición de los cálculos, como también diagnósticos diferenciales con otras patologías, mostrando como ventajas el corto tiempo de ejecución, no usar medio contraste y ser operador independiente.

Estudio metabólico en pacientes con urolitiasis de alto riesgo de recurrencia / Metabolic study in patients with urinary lithiasis at high risk of recurrence

Introducción: La urolitiasis es considerada actualmente una enfermedad metabólica con tendencia ala recurrencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la prevalencia de alteraciones metabólicas en pacientes de alto riesgo y su impacto según sexo y edad. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo de 36 pacientes (25 hombres y 11 mujeres), portadores de patología litiásica con alto riesgo de recurrencia. El estudio metabólico consistió en: calcemia, uricemia, fosfemia, PTH sérica, calciuria/24 hrs, uricosuria/24 hrs, fosfaturia/24 hrs, oxalaturia/24 hrs,citraturia/24 hrs y creatininuria/24 hrs. Los valores obtenidos fueron ajustados de acuerdo a la creatininuria y peso. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó t-student (STATA 7.0). Se consideró significativo p<0,05.Resultados: En el 69 por ciento (25/36) se observó alguna alteración metabólica; el 36 por ciento (13/36) presentó 2 omás alteraciones metabólicas. Las alteraciones más frecuentes fueron la hipercalciuria (30,6 por ciento; 11/36), la hipocitraturia (30,6 por ciento; 11/36), la hiperuricemia (19,4 por ciento; 7/36) y la hiperoxalaturia (13, por ciento; 5/36).No se observó diferencias significativas de edad o sexo entre los grupos con y sin alteración metabólica. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con patología litiásica recurrente o de alto riesgo presentan una o más alteraciones metabólicas, predominando la hipercalciuria y la hipocitraturia. En este estudio no hubo diferencias entre ambos sexos en la mayoría de las alteraciones metabólicas, ni tampoco en su distribución etaria. Estos resultados demuestran la necesidad de realizar estudios metabólicos en pacientes de alto riesgo, dado que existen herramientas terapéuticas que permiten un manejo médico de las alteraciones metabólicas y de esta forma reducir la recurrencia de litiasis.

Introduction: Urolithiasis is a metabolic disorder with a tendency to relapse. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities in patients at high risk and the impact of sex and age. Materials and methods: Descriptive study of 36 patients (25 men and 11 women),with lithiasic pathology at high risk of recurrence. The metabolic study included the measurement of calcemia, uricemia, fosfemia, parathormone, calciuria/24hrs, uricosuria/24hrs, fosfaturia/24hrs, oxalaturia/24hrs, citraturia/ 24hrs and creatinine/24hrs. The values obtained were corrected according to weight and creatinine. The test used for statistical analysis was t-student (STATA 7.0). It was considered significant p <0.05.Results: In 69 percent (25/36) of the cases a metabolic abnormality was observed and in 36 percent (13/36) there was 2 or more alterations present. The metabolic disorders most frequently observed were hypercalciuria (30.6 percent; 11/36), hypocitraturia (30.6 percent; 11/36), hyperuricemia (19.4 percent; 7/36) and hyperoxaluria (13.9 percent; 5/36). There was no significant difference in age or sex between the groups with and without metabolic abnormality. Conclusions: Most patients with recurrent lithiasic pathology or at high-risk display one or more metabolic disorders, being hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia the most frecuently encountered. In this study, there was no difference between sexes in most of the metabolic disorders, nor in its age distribution. These results demonstrate the need for metabolic studies in high-risk patients, since there are tools that allow therapeutic medical management of metabolic disorders and thus reduce the recurrence of lithiasis.

Urinary risk factors for recurrent calcium stone formation in Thai stone formers.

OBJECTIVE: To survey the urinary risk factors associated with recurrent calcium stone and the contribution of renal tubular acidosis to the prevalence of recurrent calcium stone formation in Thai recurrent stone formers. MATERIAL AND METHOD: There were 86 consecutive recurrent calcium stone formers. Three-day dietary record, serum biochemical parameters, first morning urine pH, and two 24-hour urine collections were obtainedfrom each subject. Urinary risk factors for calcium stone formation were determined from the average of the 2-day urine collection. Normal controls were 34 subjects matched for aged, sex, and weight, and without a history of renal stone formation. RESULTS: Seven patients (8.1%) were diagnosed as incomplete renal tubular acidosis (iRTA). Among the 79 idiopathic calcium stone formers (ISF), 69.6%, 15.2%, 10.1%, 7.2% and 1.3% of patients were hypocitraturia, hypercalciuria, low urinary volume, hyperuricosuria and hyperoxaluria, respectively. The common combinations of risk factors were hypocitraturia plus low urine output (8.9%) or plus hypercalciuria (7.6%). There were significant differences between ISF and normal controls in urinary oxalate excretion (0.16 +/- 0.01 vs 0.12 +/- 0.01, p < 0.05), urinary calcium/citrate ratio (4.49 +/- 0.50 vs 2.83 +/- 0.34, p < 0.01) and ion activity product for calcium oxalate stone (0. 46 +/- 0.03 vs 0. 33 +/- 0.03, p < 0. 05). Urinary citrate in ISF varied directly with net alkaline absorption (r = 0.34, p < 0.005) and urinary potassium (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). There were significant correlations between urinary calcium excretion and both sodium excretion (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) and urea excretion (r = 0.41, p < 0.001) in ISE There were seven (8.1%) with incomplete renal tubular acidosis. Patients with iRTA tended to have less urinary citrate and higher calcium/citrate ratio than did ISF, but hypercalciuria was uncommon. CONCLUSIONS: Hypocitraturia was the most common urinary risk factor found in Thai recurrent idiopathic calcium stone formers followed by hypercalciuria and low urinary volume. Almost one-fourth of the stone formers had multiple risk factors. Hypocitraturia might result from low potassium and low alkaline intake. iRTA was common among recurrent calcium stone formers. Determination of morning urine pH should be a part of the investigations for urinary risk factors to avoid overlooking the diagnosis of iRTA.